Respiratory papillomatosis pathology outlines
Insulinemia joacã un rol cheie respiratory papillomatosis pathology outlines dezvoltarea leziunilor de acanthosis negricans. La valori peste normal insulina se leagã preferenþial de receptorii IGF insuliln-like growth factor ºi devine trigger-ul pentru hiperproliferare dermoepidermicã.
Summary Acanthosis nigricans is consdered to be primarly a marker of insulin-resistance and secondarily a marker of a subclinical malignant process.
The serum level of insulin plays a key role in the development of AN lesions. When it reaches levels beyond normal, insulin binds preferentially to IGF insulin-like growth factor and becomes the trigger for epidermal and dermal proliferation.
Un procent important din cei bolnavi vor dezvolta în cursul vieþii leziuni cutanate.
RECURRENT RESPIRATORY PAPILLOMATOSIS
Pentru unele dintre leziunile cutanate, legãtura cu diabetul este bine stabilitã sau foarte probabilã dermopatia diabeticã, bulele diabetice, reducerea mobilitãþii articulare, necrobioza lipoidicã, acanthosis nigricans ; pentru altele, asocierea cu Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic disorder theat affects all age groups, irrespective of the socio-economic status.
Many DM patients will develop skin lesions during their lifetime.
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Data in literature estimate this percentage as ranging from 30 to 68 per cent. Acanthosis nigricans AN este considerat, în primul rând, un marker cutanat al insulinorezistenþei ºi în mod secundar, al prezenþei unui proces malign cu evoluþie subclinicã.
Description Microbiologie Medicală vol.
Se manifestã clinic sub forma unor plãci pigmentare verucoase localizate flexural, cu un caracter catifelat la palpare. Afecteazã în primul rând pliurile axilare, feþele laterale ale gâtului ºi ceafa. Ulterior, leziunile pot fi localizate ºi la nivel genital, perineal, pe coapse, sâni, dosul articulaþiilor interfalangiene, ariile flexurale ale genunchilor ºi coatelor. Rareori, erupþia poate deveni generalizatã sau pot apãrea determinãri ale mucoaselor.
Interesarea mucoaselor se manifestã ca acantoza ºi papilomatoza la nivelul pleoapelor, conjunctivei, buzelor, mucoasei orale, faringiene, esofagiene, laringiene sau anogenitale, cu tulburãri funcþionale secundare.
Etiopatogenie Etiologia modificãrilor cutanate din AN rãmâne neclarã. Primul pas spre înþelegerea patogeniei acestui sindrom l-au fãcut Kahn ºi colectivul sãu de cercetãtoricare au descris douã tipuri de sindroame de insulinorezistenþã.
Tipul A, prezent la femei cu AN, hiperandrogenism ºi virilizare, este caracterizat respiratory papillomatosis pathology outlines anomalii ale receptorilor insulinici.
Tipul B, prezent la femei cu AN ºi boli autoimune, este asociat cu prezenþa autoanticorpilor circulanþi anti-receptori insulinici. Insulinemia joacã un rol cheie în dezvoltarea leziunilor de AN. La nivele normale ale respiratory papillomatosis pathology outlines serice, aceasta se leagã preferenþial de receptorii clasici, pe când la niveluri crescute, insulina se leagã preferenþial de receptorii IGF insulin-like growth factorreprezentând trigger-ul pentru proliferare.
Keratinocitele ºi fibroblastele dermice exprimã ambele tipuri de receptori, astfel cã la valori crescute ale insulinei, activarea receptorilor IGF va declanºa proliferarea epidermicã ºi dermã, având ca expresie clinicã AN. Acanthosis nigricans AN is first and foremost considered a skin marker of insulin resistance and, secondly, of the presence of a malign process with subclinical evolution.
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Its clinical manifestation consists in flexural verrucous pigmentary peritoneal cancer prevention of velvety touch. It is mainly localised in axillar folds, the lateral sides of the neck and the backhead.
Later, the lesions may spread to genital and perineal areas, to thighs, breasts, the back of the interphalangeal articulations, the flexural areas of the knees and elbows.
Most of these tests will be commented on in the context of the various diseases.
Seldom the eruption may generalize or affect the mucosae. The the latter case, it takes the form of acanthosis and papillomatosis, respiratory papillomatosis pathology outlines the eyelids, the conjunctiva, the lips, the oral, pharyngeal, esophageal, laryngeal or anogenital mucosae, and is accompanied by secondary functional disorders. Ethiopathogenesis The etiology of skin modifications in DM is still subject to discussion.
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The first step towards the understanding of respiratory papillomatosis pathology outlines pathogenesis of this syndrome was made by Kahn and collaboratorswho described two types of insulin resistance. Type A, to be found in DM female patients with hyperandrogenemia and virilization, is characterized by anomalies in insulin receptors.
Type B, present in DM female patients with autoimmune diseases, is associated with insulin antireceptor circulating autoantibodies [3]. Insulin resistance is defined as hyperinsulinemia that does not concord with plasmatic glucose levels.
Insulinemia plays a key role in DM lesions. When serum insulin has normal levels, it mainly binds to classic receptors, while when high levels are reached, insulin mainly binds to IGF insulinlike growth factorthat triggers proliferation.
Dermic keratinocytes and fibroblasts express both types of receptors, so that in high levels of insulin, the activation of IGF factors shall actuate the epidermic and dermic proliferation that clinically manifests as AN [6]. Rolul etiologic al androgenilor este sugerat de ameliorarea leziunilor de AN la unele femei sub tratament antiandrogenic. În alte studii, însã, nu s-a citat ameliorarea leziunilor de AN ºi nici a insulino-rezistenþei, ci doar a hirsutismului, în caz de respiratory papillomatosis pathology outlines de insulino-rezistenþã de tip A, dupã tratament anti-androgenic.
Obezitatea este cel mai frecvent asociatã cu toleranþa scãzutã la glucozã, diabet zaharat tip II, ca ºi cu dislipidemie, hipertensiune arterialã ºi hiperandrogenism. Studiile genetice sugereazã cã AN, valorile insulinei serice a jeun, ca ºi DZ respiratory papillomatosis pathology outlines II sunt sub puternice influenþe pleiomorfe.
Lawrence-Seip, respiratory papillomatosis pathology outlines.
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Rabson- Mendenhall, pseudoacromegalie, au fost identificate mutaþii ale genei care codificã receptorul pentru insulinã sau defecte post receptor. Cancer de orofaringe tratamento înlãturarea chirurgicalã a tumorii maligne, s-a înregistrat revenirea la normal a acestor valori.
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A fost descrisã o formã idiopaticã de boalã, cu debut de la naºtere sau de la vârste fragede, cu caracter familial ºi transmitere probabil autosomal recesivã, cu penetranþã variabilã. AN prevalence in females with hyperandrogenemia respiratory papillomatosis pathology outlines estimated to 5 respiratory papillomatosis pathology outlines 29 per cent. The etiologic role of androgens is suggested by the improvement of AN lesions in some cases under antiandrogenic treatment.
However, other studies have not concluded as to the amelioration of AN lesions, nor of insulin resistance, but only of the hirsuitism in how does hpv cause cancer of the cervix A insulin-resistant syndrome following the antiandrogenic treatment [14]. Hiperinsulinemia is almost always present in obsese patients. Obesity is most frequently associated with low tolerance to glucose, to type II diabetes mellitus, as well as to dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension and hyperandrogenemia.
Genetic studies suggest that AN, serum insulin values a viermi hrana and DM type II are stongly influenced by pleiomorphs [15]. A study performed on the obese Africanamerican population in which AN incidence is higher than in the hispanic and caucasian ones has revealed a correlation between AN severity and plasmatic levels a jeun of serum insulin [4, 5]. In other cases of insulin resistance, such as the Lawrence-Seip and Rabson-Mendenhall syndromes or pseudoacromegalia, mutations in the insulin receptor codifying gene or post-receptor defects have been highlighted [7].
As to AN association with neoplasia, researches have shown increased urinary values of transforming growth factor-alfa TGFaprobably of tumoral origin, and a higher presence of EGF factors epidermal growth factor in the lesional skin.
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After the surgical removal of the malign tumor, these values came back to normal. Researchers have described an idiopathic form of the disease, starting at birth or early age, with genetic character, probable recessive autosomal transmission and variable penetration [8].
Clinical aspect When it sets in, the characteristic aspect of this disorder is that of dirty skin, due to the presence of greyish-brown verrucous flexural scales of velvety touch. Pigmentation is followed 4 urmatã de hipertrofie, papilomatozã ºi accentuarea desenului cutanat.
Localizãrile erupþiei sunt, în ordinea frecvenþei: axilã, respiratory papillomatosis pathology outlines, laterocervical, faþa internã a coapselor, organele genitale externe, respiratory papillomatosis pathology outlines, plicile antecubitala ºi poplitee, faþa, perineul ºi ombilicul. Pe zonele de AN, dar ºi pe tegument normal, pot apãrea numeroase acrochordoane.
Hiperkeratoza palmo-plantarã tylosis ºi pahidermatoglifia apar mai ales în AN paraneoplazic. Acantoza palmo-plantarã poate avea un aspect exuberant, asemuit cu burta de vitã.
Tot în formele respiratory papillomatosis pathology outlines sunt mai frecvente determinãri ale mucoaselor, manifestate ca îngroºare ºi papilomatozã cu hiperpigmentare minimalã.
