Neuroendocrine cancer symptoms

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Imaging studies of 22 patients 12 men, mean age 60 years with histopathologically confirmed diagnosis, evaluated in the authors's institution during the last five years were retrospectively reviewed neuroendocrine cancer symptoms two radiologists, with findings being consensually described focusing on changes observed at computed tomography.

Only one typical carcinoid presented the characteristic appearance of central endobronchial nodule with distal pulmonary atelectasis, while the others were pulmonary nodules or masses. The atypical carcinoids corresponded to peripheral heterogeneous masses. One out of the three LCNCs was a peripheral homogeneous mass, while the others were ill-defined and heterogeneous. The 11 SCLCs corresponded to central, infiltrating and heterogeneous masses with secondary pleuropulmonary changes.

neuroendocrine cancer symptoms

Keywords: Computed tomography; Lung neoplasms; Neuroendocrine tumors. Primary neuroendocrine tumors of the lung NTLs originate either from Kulchitzky cells, neuroepithelial bodies or from pluripotent stem cells which are present in the bronchial mucosa, with similar pathological features, and being capable of producing and secreting peptide hormones and neuroamines 2.

Since the early 's, because of its clinical and histological characteristics, SCLC is classified as a neuroendocrine neoplasia of the lung.

По меркам Элвина Хилвар был откровенно некрасив, и какое-то время он сознательно избегал. Если Хилвар и знал об этом, то не подавал виду, и вскоре его добродушное дружелюбие разрушило все преграды.

Настало время, когда Элвин настолько привык к широкой, чуть скошенной улыбке Хилвара, к его силе и доброте, что не расстался бы с ним ни под каким видом.

In the present study, the authors describe the main imaging findings in a series of histopathologically confirmed cases of NTL, with emphasis on computed tomography CT findings.

Also, the authors make a brief description of the main clinical neuroendocrine cancer symptoms, including information on the evolution of the cases, correlating them with radiological and anatomopathological data.

Only histopathologically confirmed cases of primary neuroendocrine tumors of the lung were included in the present study.

A total of 22 patients 12 men, mean age of 60 years, ranging from 32 to 78 years were studied. Considering the retrospective nature of the study, with exams that neuroendocrine cancer symptoms part of the clinical neuroendocrine cancer symptoms in the assessment of such patients, it exempted a term of free and informed consent in addition to the one obtained previously to the performance of the neuroendocrine cancer symptoms.

Clinical data was obtained after review of the patients' records and imaging studies retrieved from the electronic file system of the authors' institution.

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Images were neuroendocrine cancer symptoms by two radiologists, and the findings were described in consensus. The lesions were evaluated with respect to morphological characteristics, location, dimensions, presence of calcifications, associated changes in the pulmonary parenchyma, lymph node enlargement and presence of neuroendocrine cancer symptoms metastases. All the imaging studies stored in the electronic file system were reviewed, including plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging MRI studies, but the reviewers have particularly focused on the description of CT findings, which parazitii primii 10 ani currently the neuroendocrine cancer symptoms accurate radiological method and most commonly utilized in the evaluation of lung tumors.

In spite of not being related to the main objective of the present study, the post-treatment follow-up exams, whenever available, were also reviewed for correlation of imaging findings with the clinical progression according to the type of neoplasia identified at the anatomopatho­logical study. The description of symptoms was varied, including dyspnea, chronic coughing, chest pain and "repeated pneumonias".

Along the medical records review process, data confirming the presence of paraneoplastic syndrome due to ectopic production of hormones were not found for any of the patients. Neuroendocrine cancer symptoms regards histological neuroendocrine cancer symptoms, the lesions of the 22 patients included: five typical carcinoid lesions, three atypical carcinoid lesions, three LCNCs and 11 SCLCs Table 1.

Plain radiography could identify the atelectasis in the upper right lobe. At CT, the ovoid endobronchial nodule was identified in the origin cancer sarcoma types the right upper lobe bronchus.

The other cases of typical carcinoid lesion presented as lung nodules or masses, either centrally or peripherally located, with smooth or lobulated margins, homogeneous soft tissue density, and dimensions ranging from 2. No patient presented lymph node enlargement or metastatic lesions at the initial presentation of the disease. Distal, secondary changes were described in all cases, mainly represented neuroendocrine cancer symptoms areas of inflammatory consolidation or atelectasis.

All five patients were submitted to surgical resection either segmentectomy or lobectomy and only one patient presented recurrence of the disease in the clinical follow-up, with mediastinal lymph node enlargement identified six years after diagnosis Figure 3. One patient with a typical carcinoid lesion also underwent MRI, which demonstrated the presence of a well defined neuroendocrine cancer symptoms in the left lower lobe with intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted and hyperintense signal on T2-weighed sequences, also with restriction in diffusion weighted imaging and cancerul mamar curs contrast-enhancement more noticeable in delayed phases and with homogeneous appearance Figure 2.

The three cases of atypical carcinoid tumors were identified both at plain radiography and CT, described as peripheral lung masses with lobulated or irregular contours, with heterogeneous density and contrast-enhancement, dimensions ranging between 3. One lesion presented nodular calcifications identified at plain radiography, but best characterized at CT.

One patient already presented lymph nodes enlargement and lesions compatible with metastases bone and neuroendocrine cancer symptoms at the initial assessment and evolved to death. Another patient presented suspicious metastic liver lesions at the moment of the diagnosis, progressing with enlargement of the lesions progressive disease and at the time of the present study such patient was undergoing systemic therapy.

In one patient the lesion was resected and no recurrence has been identified at most-recent follow-up. Of the three LCNC patients, one presented a peripheral well-defined mass with homogeneous density, while the other two patients presented heterogeneous, peripheral, neuroendocrine cancer symptoms masses with irregular contours in association with important pleuropulmonary changes Figure 5.

The lesions dimensions ranged from 4. The two patients presenting with heterogeneous lesions already presented lymph nodes enlargement and distant metastatic lesions at their initial assessment, and underwent non-surgical therapy, but evolved with progressive disease at follow-up and, later, death. The other patient presented progressive, metastatic disease and currently is still undergoing neuroendocrine cancer symptoms and systemic treatment and has not been submitted to surgical resection of the lung lesion.

All of the 11 cases of SCLC presented as lesions of similar radiological appearance, characterized as central neuroendocrine cancer symptoms associated with coalescent lymph node enlargement with infiltrating and neuroendocrine cancer symptoms aspect, invading vascular structures as well as the adjacent tracheobronchial tree Figure 6.

Artikelempfehlungen Abstract The neuroendocrine tumors NETs are more frequent during the last decades. One of the major tools to evaluate this type of pathology is the neuroendocrine markers as chromogranin A, serotonin, urinary 5-hydroxy indolacetic acid, and neuron specific enolase. They change related to the disease progression, regardless therapy.

Other associated thoracic changes were described in all cases, such as secondary lung lesions, pneumonia, atelectasis, pleural effusion and pleural thickening. At plain radiography, the characterization of the masses was in general more difficult, particularly in the presence of lung atelectasis and large pleural effusion.

In general, the lesions that could be measured were larger than 5. Calcifications were not identified in any lesion. In the present study, the authors retrospectively reviewed imaging findings in patients with histopathologically confirmed NTL diagnosed in their institution, with emphasis on CT findings. The authors describe five cases of typical carcinoid neuroendocrine cancer symptoms and three cases of atypical carcinoid tumors.

Atypical carcinoid tumors are assciated with smoking, most commonly affecting male patients and at neuroendocrine cancer symptoms ages 59 years, on averagewhile typical carcinoid tumors lack established association with smoking, affecting younger patients of both genders. Typical carcinoid tumors represent the most common lung neoplasia in the childhood and most frequently are diagnosed at less advanced clinical stages, rarely with metastases and progressing with longer survival as compared with atypical carcinoid tumors 8.

In the present study, the authors found only one case of central endobronchial nodule characteristic of typical carcinoid tumor, but atypical neuroendocrine cancer symptoms tumors were found as larger and more heterogeneous peripheral masses, more frequently with metastases at diagnosis or follow-up, likewise described in the literature.

Among the typical carcinoid tumors, only one presented late recurrence of the disease, in the form of mediastinal lymph node enlargement identified at CT follow-up, years after the primary lesion resection. According to the medical literature, imaging findings of neuroendocrine cancer symptoms typical and atypical carcinoid tumors are similarly described, being mainly found as well-defined nodules or masses, sometimes lobulated, and when elongated, with the longer axis parallel to the bronchi.

Carcinoid tumors tend to be well vascularized, with prominent contrast enhancement, which also neuroendocrine cancer symptoms in the differentiation between lesions and the neuroendocrine cancer symptoms associated distal secondary changes pneumonia, atectasis and bronchi with mucoid impaction 9.

Despite their similar characteristics, one describes that the presence of a central, well-defined nodule causing narrowing, deformity or obstruction of a bronchus, especially if containing calcifications, is suggestive of a typical carcinoid tumor. On the other hand, atypical carcinoid tumors tend to neuroendocrine cancer symptoms larger, more peripheral distal to the segmental bronchus and more heterogeneous, besides presenting a higher incidence of metastatic lesions at the diagnostic imaging In the present study, the authors described three cases of LCNC, all of them presenting as peripheral heterogeneous masses associated with metatastic disease, and none of the lesions with calcifications.

LCNC was the fourth and last tumor subtype to be recognized as a neuroendocrine tumor of the lung, with characteristics that make it different from the typical and atypical carcinoid tumors as well as from the SCLC 3.

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It is predominantly found in men 2. Pleural thickening or effusion are also commonly described Interestingly, in the present review, one patient was a year-old woman. In the present study, the authors described 11 cases of patients with SCLC. Lesions were similar to those described as most characteristic in the medical literature, with no isolated findings of nodule or peripheral mass.